12 Principles of Modern Military Leadership: Part 3
By Capt. Ron Roberts
Civil Affairs, Asymmetric Warfare Group
June 8, 2018
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Conflicts and setbacks allow leaders to develop abilities and characteristics that play a vital part in their future leadership. Past generals such as George Patton, who had dyslexia, and Douglas MacArthur, whose application to West Point was rejected twice,1 remind today's military leaders that experiencing challenges is part of leadership and does not hinder the ability to lead. As Gen. Dennis J. Reimer, Army Chief of Staff from 1995 to 1999, said, "The role of leadership is to turn challenges into opportunities."2
Thus, in the concluding article, we discuss the final four leadership principles — student of the past, decisiveness, determination, and strong character.
Be a Student of the Past
"The only right way of learning the science of war is to read and reread the campaigns of the great captains."
—Napoleon
History offers a wealth of information to those who have the foresight to examine it. In addition to obtaining vital technical and tactical knowledge, Soldiers can learn by studying how past leaders performed in the fog of war.
Gen. George Patton was a consummate warrior, known for studying history and acquired an impressive library of professional military books during his lifetime. At an early age, he chose to become a Soldier. His father nurtured him in the classics, as well as the lore of the Patton family, which was composed of military leaders including two uncles who were Confederate officers killed in battle.3
Unfortunately, Patton had dyslexia, a learning disability not well known or diagnosed at the time. He realized, however, that with determination and constant effort, he could pursue military studies and achieve his goal of becoming a great leader.
He understood the military profession required immense technical competence, knowledge of weapons and equipment, tactics and operations, and maneuvers and logistics. Therefore, he expended vast amounts of time and energy in reading and making copious notes in the pages of his books,4 making him not only familiar with field and technical manuals of his time, but also knowledgeable about history.5
Be Decisive
"In any moment of decision, the best thing you can do is the right thing, the next best thing is the wrong thing, and the worst thing you can do is nothing."
—President Theodore Roosevelt
In war, lack of decisiveness can have fatal consequences. Once you make up your mind, stick to your decision. Never show yourself to be indecisive.
When Julius Caesar refused to lay down his military command and return to Rome at the end of Gallic Wars, he said, "The die is cast," thus making it clear that his choice was irrevocable.6
In 1805, during the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon's empire was threatened by England, Russia, and Austria. During this period, Napoleon was able to compel the Austrian Army to surrender without firing a shot through rapid marching and maneuvers.7
As a final example, in 1862, at the Battle of Mobile Bay during the American Civil War, Confederate mines blocked Union Adm. David Farragut's path during an attempt to attack a Confederate Navy squadron to seize three forts guarding the bay entrance.8 In a decisive statement, he said, "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead."9
Show Determination
"You are never beaten until you admit it."
—Gen. George S. Patton Jr.
A leader must show determination even when others do not. This "never say die" attitude is necessary for your Soldiers to be tirelessly persistent during desperate, bleak, or challenging situations.
Brig. Gen. Anthony McAuliffe, acting commander of the 101st Airborne Division during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II, is an excellent example. In December 1944, at Bastogne, Belgium, the Germans sent a demand for his surrender. He responded by saying, "Nuts."10
To articulate the resolve and determination of his countrymen, Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, gave a number of inspiring speeches during World War II:11
Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat
"I would say to the House, as I said to those who have joined this government: I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering.
You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: Victory. Victory at all costs — Victory in spite of all terror — Victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory, there is no survival."12
We Shall Fight on the Beaches
"We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender."13
Their Finest Hour
"Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves, that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, 'This was their finest hour.'"14
Be Strong of Character
"Duty, Honor, Country. Those three hallowed words reverently dictate what you ought to be, what you can be, what you will be."
—Gen. Douglas MacArthur
Gen. of the Army Douglas MacArthur was a historical leader who embodied the definition of strong character. He was a renowned general who won many battles against numerically superior and better-equipped foes and was awarded the Medal of Honor for defending the Philippines during World War II.
MacArthur did not accept anything but the best, even during times of peace, which was evident when he trained the 1927 American Olympic team. With his commanding presence, he pulled together a strong team, retorting, "Americans never quit," in response to the U.S. boxing team manager who wanted to withdraw from the competition due to an unfair decision.15
In his acceptance speech for the Sylvanus Thayer Award, one of the most eloquent expressions of leadership principles ever delivered, MacArthur's words speak to today's Soldiers, especially NCOs who are "warrior-leaders of strong character":16
"Duty, Honor, Country. Those three hallowed words reverently dictate what you ought to be, what you can be, what you will be ... They build your basic character. They mold you for your future roles as the custodians of the Nation's defense. They make you strong enough to know when you are weak, and brave enough to face yourself when you are afraid."17
Related: Click here to read General MacArthur's Thayer Award speech in its entirety.
Conclusion
It is a tremendous honor, as an NCO, to lead Soldiers and along with this honor comes the responsibility to do it well. An ideal Army NCO has a sharp intellect, physical presence, professional competence, high moral character, and serves as a role model. He or she is willing to act decisively, within the intent and purpose of those appointed over them and in the best interest of the organization. They recognize organizations built on mutual trust and confidence accomplish peacetime and wartime missions.18
An NCO, who is proficient in some of these 12 principles, but deficient in others, will have a detrimental effect on mission success, morale, and the efficacy of leadership. It is therefore imperative that all leaders build competency in all principles and become well rounded.
The men and women of the U.S. military have made countless sacrifices in the service of our great nation. They deserve the best leadership we can offer, and it is our sacred duty to give it to them.
Notes
- James, D. Clayton, The Years of MacArthur, vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970) 62-66.
- U.S. Army, Army Leadership, FM 6-22 (FM 22-100) (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, October 12, 2006) chapter 10, page 1, https://usacac.army.mil/cac2/Repository/Materials/fm6-22.pdf.
- Patton's grandfather, George Smith Patton, commanded the 22nd Virginia Infantry and was killed at the Third Battle of Winchester; his great-uncle, Waller Tazewell Patton, commanded the 7th Virginia Infantry and was killed in Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg. Source: "George Patton," Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing Press website, accessed 23 January 2018, http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/George_Patton?View=embedded%27%27s%20anatomy.
- Martin Blumenson, "The Many Faces of George S. Patton, Jr." (lecture, 14th USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture, 1971), 10, http://www.usafa.edu/app/uploads/Harmon14.pdf; Lieutenant Colonel Harry R. Borowski, ed. The Harmon Memorial Lectures in Military History, 1959-1987 (Washington, D.C.: Office Of Air Force History, 1988), 210, https://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/01/2001329895/-1/-1/0/AFD-101201-051.pdf
- He had a habit of making notes in the pages of his books with his thoughts and concepts. In one particular instance, after finishing a book by Maj. Gen. John Frederick Charles Fuller (the acknowledged father of tank doctrine), Patton's written reactions covered seven pages of single-spaced typed notes.
- Lawrence Keppie, The Approach of Civil War: The making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), 102; and Fernando Lillo Redonet, "How Julius Caesar Started a Big War by Crossing a Small Stream," National Geographic website, accessed 25 January 2018, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2017/03-04/julius-caesar-crossing-rubicon-rome/.
- "The Ulm-Austerlitz Campaign, 1805," PBS website, accessed 25 January 2018, http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/n_war/campaign/page_6.html.
- John Randolph Spears, David G. Farragut. (Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Company, 1905), 324.
- Spears, 328.
- S.L.A. Marshall, "Bastogne: The First Eight Days," Infantry Journal Press (1946): 116, https://history.army.mil/html/books/022/22-2-1/CMH_Pub_22-2-1.pdf.
- "The Churchill Centre," The International Churchill Society website, accessed 30 January 2013, https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-138/the-churchill-centre-1/.
- Winston Churchill, "Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat," (speech, UK House of Commons, May 13, 1940), http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/blood-toil-tears-and-sweat.html.
- Winston Churchill, "We Shall Fight on the Beaches," (speech, UK House of Commons, June 4, 1940), http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/topics/fight_on_the_beaches.
- Winston Churchill, "Their Finest Hour" from Winston Churchill, His Wit and Wisdom: Selections from His Works and Speeches (London: Collins, 1965), 16-17.
- John A. Lucas, "USOC President Douglas MacArthur and His Olympic Moment, 1927-1928," Olympika: the International Journal of Olympic Studies, vol. III (1994): 112-113, http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/Olympika/Olympika_1994/olympika0301i.pdf.
- Department of the Army, U.S. Army Leadership Handbook: Skills, Tactics, and Techniques for Leading in Any Situation (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2012), chapter 3, 3-16.
- Douglas McArthur, "Duty, Honor, Country," (speech, West Point, N.Y., May 12, 1962), Air University, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/au-24/au24-352mac.htm.
- U.S. Army, Army Leadership, FM 6-22 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 12, 2006), viii, http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/Repository/Materials/fm6-22.pdf.